Bluetongue Virus Again Threatens Herds in Southern Bulgaria – Farmers Face New Challenges

Epidemic in the Heart of the Rhodope Mountains

In August 2025, a new bluetongue epidemic was confirmed in the Devin area, Smolyan region among 323 sheep – after the disease was detected near the border with North Macedonia in July. The bluetongue virus (sheep catarrhal fever) is a serious threat to domestic and wild ruminants – especially purebred sheep. Midges of the Culicoides genus are the main vector – climate changes are expanding their distribution, and the lack of a unified European strategy complicates prevention.

Clinical Picture and Consequences

• High temperature, severe crusts on the muzzle and painful swellings;
• Ulcers on the oral mucosa, abortions and non-viable offspring;
• Sheep are most vulnerable, other ruminants can be carriers without symptoms;
• The virus does not threaten humans and is not dangerous for food (meat, milk).

Economic consequences are serious – animal losses, sales delays, trade and transport restrictions. The local economy is at risk, and farmers are concerned about their incomes and the future of their herds.

Emergency Measures and Coordinated Struggle

• Vaccination before the active insect season – licensed vaccines against the main bluetongue serotypes (4 and 8) are used;
• Introduction of quarantine zones and transport and trade bans in affected regions;
• Insecticide treatment of pastures, farm yards and water sources;
• Active veterinary diagnostics, laboratory control and isolation of sick animals;
• Information campaigns among farmers – for prevention and preventing illegal animal movement;

Cooperation between Bulgaria, Greece and Romania shows that only joint actions can limit the risk of serious epidemics in border areas. European institutions and local authorities are participating in developing emergency response and control strategies.

Climatic Factors and Expansion of Risk Zones

Global warming makes midges active for more months of the year, accelerates their life cycle and facilitates disease transmission over long distances through winds. Northern and high-mountain areas, like the Rhodope Mountains, are now considered vulnerable.

Lessons and Recommendations for Farmers

Annual vaccination of sheep, cattle and goats is mandatory, along with enhanced herd monitoring and compliance with veterinary prescriptions. Only quick and coordinated actions can prevent larger economic losses and guarantee the stability of regional animal husbandry.
Citizens and farmers must be informed and ready to support authorities and experts in preserving the traditional livelihood and natural wealth of Southern Bulgaria.

Conclusion

The bluetongue virus reminds us that climate changes and lack of unified measures pose serious risks to local economy and public health. Unity, awareness, and effective prevention are the key to addressing new challenges in rural areas and the entire livestock sector.