Viktor Orbán and his “Experiment”: How Illiberal Democracy Was Created in Hungary

13.04.2026 | Foreign policy

Analyzing Viktor Orbán's political experiment: why the concept of “illiberal democracy” became a reality and how Hungary's political system has changed over 16 years.

Снимка от Atoljaka, Wikimedia Commons, под лиценз Attribution

Viktor Orbán's policy over the past 16 years is often called a unique political phenomenon. As the participants in the events themselves admitted, what the Hungarian leader implemented was a kind of “experiment”, the name for which was extremely difficult to find. The term “illiberal democracy” seemed too negative and off-putting for the international arena, but it was this that became the foundation of the new Hungarian statehood.

The essence of Orbán's political experiment

For almost two decades, Orbán has systematically built a system that challenges classical European standards. The main elements of this process included:

“What Viktor Orbán has been doing for the last 16 years in power was an 'experiment' — but even he didn't know what to call it. 'Illiberal democracy' sounded too negative.”

Consequences for Europe and the world

Orbán's experiment has sparked wide discussions in the EU. On the one hand, supporters see this as a defense of national interests, on the other hand, critics point to the degradation of democratic institutions. This case has become an important lesson for other countries seeking to revise globalist standards.